Strategies for the control of Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV): Unveiling molecular mechanisms, overcoming challenges, and pursuing sustainable solutions

Marium  Qureshi; Ali Raza; Anam  Tanveer; Sara  Janiad; Aamir  Riaz; Anam  Sharif; Aqib  Zeb; Sumera  Sabir; Muhammad  Asif; Musharaf  Hassan

Authors

Marium Qureshi Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, 59300 Pakistan
Ali Raza Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Okara, Okara,56300, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-0995
Anam Tanveer Department of Allied Health Medical Laboratory Technology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
Sara Janiad Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, 59300 Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-8114
Aamir Riaz Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-277X
Anam Sharif Department of Biochemistry, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan
Aqib Zeb Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture China/National Rice Research Institute China, Hangzhou, 310006, China https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-757X
Sumera Sabir Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5927-0628
Muhammad Asif Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4063-5573
Musharaf Hassan Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9236-5718

Keywords:

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV), Sustainable Agriculture, Integrated Pest Management, Genetically Modified Cotton, CRISPR-Cas Technology, Disease Resistance Breeding

Abstract

Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) represents a critical threat to cotton cultivation, significantly impacting the agricultural sector through its influence on host-pathogen dynamics. This review delves into the nature of CLCuV, outlining the molecular mechanisms underlying the virus-host interactions and its broader implications on crop yield and quality. Recent advancements in sustainable disease management are explored, highlighting the integration of genetic engineering techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 and advancements in remote sensing technologies, which offer promising pathways for developing disease-resistant cotton varieties. The manuscript provides a comprehensive analysis of current strategies and innovations in combating CLCuV, including the role of genetically modified cotton and integrated pest management in enhancing crop resilience. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of molecular biology and genetic engineering to usher in a new era of sustainable agriculture. Looking ahead, this work underscores the importance of continued research and collaboration in developing eco-friendly and efficient disease management strategies. Ultimately, this review contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering new insights into the molecular basis of CLCuV resistance, paving the way for innovative approaches to safeguard global cotton production.

References

Abbas, A., & Muqaddasi, Q. H. (2021). Genomics-Assisted Breeding for Biotic Stress Syndrome Resistance in Cotton. In Cotton Precision Breeding (pp. 113-136): Springer.

Abbas, M., Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ramzan, M., Jawad Saleem, M., Abbas, S., . . . Ghouse, G. (2022). Review on integrated disease and pest management of field crops. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 42(5), 3235-3243.

Abdullah, A., & Umer, M. (2004). Applications of remote sensing in pest scouting: evaluating options and exploring possibilities. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Precision Agriculture and Other Precision Resources Management, Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, MN, USA. St. Paul, MN: Precision Agriculture Center, University of Minnesota.

Abdullah, M. A., Fatima, S., Khaliq, F., Mehmood, M., Yousaf, T., Mustafa, M. B., . . . Hassan, A. (2023). Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Improve Crops and Address the Global Food Crisis: A Review. Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 8(4), 454-464.

Abubakar, M., Koul, B., Chandrashekar, K., Raut, A., & Yadav, D. (2022). Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) Management (WFM) Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review. Agriculture, 12(9), 1317.

Afzal, M., Saeed, S., Riaz, H., Ishtiaq, M., & Habib ur Rahman, M. (2023). Transmission efficiency of Cotton leaf curl Khokhran virus/Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite complex by two whitefly cryptic species in Pakistan. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-12.

Afzal, M., Saeed, S., Riaz, H., Ishtiaq, M., & Rahman, M. (2023). A critical review of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci gennadius) cryptic species associated with the cotton leaf curl disease. J. Innov. Sci, 9, 24-43.

Ahmed, K. J., Ali, Q., Nadeem, I., Akhtar, M. F., Anjum, N. A., Abbas, A., & Hanif, M. K. (2020). Comparative effectiveness of different sprayers against cotton whitefly (Bemisia Tabaci Genn.). Journal of Agricultural Research, 58(1), 9-12.

Ahuja, S. L., Monga, D., & Dhayal, L. S. (2007). Genetics of resistance to cotton leaf curl disease in Gossypium hirsutum L. under field conditions. Journal of heredity, 98(1), 79-83.

Akhtar, K. P., Hussain, M., Khan, A. I., Haq, M. A., & Iqbal, M. M. (2004). Influence of plant age, whitefly population and cultivar resistance on infection of cotton plants by cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) in Pakistan. Field Crops Research, 86(1), 15-21.

Akram, F., Sahreen, S., Aamir, F., Haq, I. U., Malik, K., Imtiaz, M., . . . Waheed, H. M. (2023). An insight into modern targeted genome-editing technologies with a special focus on CRISPR/Cas9 and its applications. Molecular Biotechnology, 65(2), 227-242.

Alagarsamy, M. (2023). Assessing genetic variation in Gossypium barbadense L. germplasm based on fibre characters. Journal of Cotton Research, 6(1), 15.

Ali, Z., Maryam, H., Saddique, M. A. B., & Ikram, R. M. (2023). Exploiting genetic diversity in enhancing phenotypic plasticity to develop climate-resilient cotton. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 70(5), 1305-1320.

Alphonse, V., Marimuthu, J., & Murugan, K. (2021). CRISPR/Cas system for the development of disease resistance in horticulture crops. In CRISPR And RNAi Systems (pp. 107-128): Elsevier.

Amudha, J., Balasubramani, G., Malathi, V., Monga, D., & Kranthi, K. (2011). Cotton leaf curl virus resistance transgenics with antisense coat protein gene (AV1). Current Science, 300-307.

Anwar, S., Kolachi, A. R., Baloch, S. K., & Soomro, S. R. (2022). Bacterial Blight and Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Detection Using Inception V4 Based CNN Model for Cotton Crops. Paper presented at the 2022 IEEE 5th International Conference on Image Processing Applications and Systems (IPAS).

Aqueel, R., Badar, A., Roy, N., Mushtaq, Q., Ali, A. F., Bashir, A., . . . Malik, K. A. (2023). Cotton Microbiome Profiling and Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) Suppression through Microbial Consortia associated with Gossypium arboreum. bioRxiv, 2023.2007. 2012.548745.

Aregbesola, O. Z., Legg, J. P., Sigsgaard, L., Lund, O. S., & Rapisarda, C. (2019). Potential impact of climate change on whiteflies and implications for the spread of vectored viruses. Journal of Pest Science, 92, 381-392.

Arif, M., Farooq, S., Alasmari, A., Alshehri, M. A., Hashem, M., Alamri, S., . . . Alabdallah, N. M. (2022). Molecular study of geminiviruses: Complex biology, host-vector interactions, and increasing diversity. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(4), 102051.

Ashraf, M. A., Brown, J. K., Iqbal, M. S., & Yu, N. (2023). Genome-Wide Identification of Cotton MicroRNAs Predicted for Targeting Cotton Leaf Curl Kokhran Virus-Lucknow. Microbiology Research, 15(1), 1-19.

Aslam, S., Khan, S. H., Ahmed, A., & Dandekar, A. M. (2020). The tale of cotton plant: From wild type to domestication, leading to its improvement by genetic transformation. American Journal of Molecular Biology, 10(2), 91-127.

Atiq, M., Talib, M. Z., Rajput, N. A., Sahi, S. T., Khan, M. A., Usman, M., . . . Khan, M. A. (2023). NEW Fangled Tactics Towards Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Disease A Review. Journal of Natural Fibers, 20(2), 2217364.

Bara, G. T., & Laing, M. D. (2020). Entomopathogens: potential to control thrips in avocado, with special reference to Beauveria bassiana. Horticultural Reviews, 47, 325-368.

Binyameen, B., Khan, Z., Khan, S. H., Ahmad, A., Munawar, N., Mubarik, M. S., . . . Qusmani, A. T. (2021). Using multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 for suppression of cotton leaf curl virus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(22), 12543.

Brown, J. K., & Khan, Z. (2022). 11 Breeding Cotton for Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Resistance. Cotton Breeding and Biotechnology, 171.

Bukhari, S. A. R., Saeed, M., & Briddon, R. W. (2021). Use of CRISPR/Cas System to Create Resistance to Cotton Diseases. In Cotton Precision Breeding (pp. 329-350): Springer.

Chaouch, M. (2021). Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): an effective molecular point‐of‐care technique for the rapid diagnosis of coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2. Reviews in medical virology, 31(6), e2215.

Chauhan, P., Mehta, N., Chauhan, R., Kumar, A., Singh, H., Lal, M. K., . . . Kumar, R. (2023). Utilization of primary and secondary biochemical compounds in cotton as diagnostic markers for measuring resistance to cotton leaf curl virus. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1185337.

Chavhan, R., Sable, S., Narwade, A., Hinge, V., Kalbande, B., Mukherjee, A., . . . Kadam, U. S. (2023). Multiplex molecular marker-assisted analysis of significant pathogens of cotton (Gossypium sp.). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 47, 102557.

Cicero, J. M., & Brown, J. K. (2011). Functional anatomy of whitefly organs associated with Squash leaf curl virus (Geminiviridae: Begomovirus) transmission by the B biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(2), 261-279.

Costa, C. A., Guiné, R. P., Costa, D. V., Correia, H. E., & Nave, A. (2023). Pest control in organic farming. In Advances in Resting-state Functional MRI (pp. 111-179): Elsevier.

Czosnek, H., & Ghanim, M. (2012). Back to basics: are begomoviruses whitefly pathogens? Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11(2), 225-234.

Czosnek, H., Gorovits, R., & Ghanim, M. (2021). Factors controlling the fate of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in its vector, the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. In Plant Virus-Host Interaction (pp. 231-266): Elsevier.

D'Agostino, N., Mora-Poblete, F., Mora-Poblete, F., Heidari, P., Fuentes, S., Mora-Poblete¹, F., . . . Fuentes, S. (2023). Open Access Edited And Reviewed By. Advances and Applications of Cost-Effective, High-Throughput Genotyping Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, 4.

de Maagd, R. A. (2015). Bacillus thuringiensis-based products for insect pest control. Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions: Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture, 185-192.

Divya, K., Zhai, Y., Makeshkumar, T., Moriones, E., & Pappu, H. R. (2023). 6 Genome Editing Strategies. Advances in Plant Disease Management: Volume I: Fundamental and Basic Research.

dos Santos, C., & Franco, O. L. (2023). Advances in the use of plants as potential biofactories in the production of antimicrobial peptides. Peptide Science, 115(1), e24290.

Dubey, N., Ravindra Shukla, R. S., Ashok Kumar, A. K., Priyanka Singh, P. S., & Bhanu Prakash, B. P. (2011). Global scenario on the application of natural products in integrated pest management programmes. In Natural products in plant pest management (pp. 1-20): CABI Wallingford UK.

El-Mounadi, K., Morales-Floriano, M. L., & Garcia-Ruiz, H. (2020). Principles, applications, and biosafety of plant genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 56.

El-Zik, K. M., & Frisbie, R. E. (2018). Integrated crop management systems for pest control. In Handbook of Natural Pesticides: Methods (pp. 21-122): CRC Press.

Farooq, A., Farooq, J., Mahmood, A., Shakeel, A., Rehman, K. A., Batool, A., . . . Mehboob, S. (2011). An overview of cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) a serious threat to cotton productivity. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(13), 1823-1831.

Farooq, J., Farooq, A., Riaz, M., Shahid, M., Saeed, F., Iqbal, M., . . . Mahmood, A. (2014). Cotton leaf curl virus disease a principle cause of decline in cotton productivity in Pakistan (a mini review). Can J Plant Prot, 2, 9-16.

Frolows, N., & Ashe, A. (2021). Small RNAs and chromatin in the multigenerational epigenetic landscape of Caenorhabditis elegans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1826), 20200112.

Fuji, S.-i., Mochizuki, T., Okuda, M., Tsuda, S., Kagiwada, S., Sekine, K.-T., . . . Maoka, T. (2022). Plant viruses and viroids in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 88(2), 105-127.

Gajjar, S., & Patel, M. Biological control a boon for the pest management in Organic farming.

Gawande, S., Raghavendra, K., Monga, D., Nagrale, D., Prabhulinga, T., Hiremani, N., . . . Waghmare, V. (2022). Development of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): A new tool for rapid diagnosis of cotton leaf curl viral disease. Journal of virological methods, 306, 114541.

Gebremariam, A., Chekol, Y., & Assefa, F. (2022). Extracellular enzyme activity of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and their pathogenicity potential as a bio-control agent against whitefly pests, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). BMC Research Notes, 15(1), 117.

Giorgini, M., Formisano, G., García-García, R., Bernat-Ponce, S., & Beitia, F. (2023). The Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) Species to Attack by a Parasitoid Wasp Changes between Two Whitefly Strains with Different Facultative Endosymbiotic Bacteria. Insects, 14(10), 808.

Glare, T., McKinnon, A., Gwynn, R., & Brownbridge, M. (2019). Advances in microbial control in integrated pest management: entomopathogenic fungi. In Integrated management of insect pests (pp. 549-592): Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing.

Gouveia-Mageste, B. C., Martins, L. G. C., Dal-Bianco, M., Machado, J. P. B., da Silva, J. C. F., Kim, A. Y., . . . Fontes, E. P. B. (2020). A plant-specific syntaxin-6 protein contributes to the intracytoplasmic route for begomoviruses. bioRxiv, 2020.2001. 2010.901496.

Gupta, D., Bhattacharjee, O., Mandal, D., Sen, M. K., Dey, D., Dasgupta, A., . . . Acharya, K. (2019). CRISPR-Cas9 system: A new-fangled dawn in gene editing. Life sciences, 232, 116636.

Gupta, N., Reddy, K., Bhattacharyya, D., & Chakraborty✉, S. (2021). Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virology journal, 18(1), 143.

Hasan, I., Rasul, S., Malik, T., Qureshi, M., Aslam, K., & Shabir, G. (2019). International Journal of Cotton Research And Technology.

Hassan, N., Hussain, M., Mushtaq, F., Ali, S., & Chaudary, M. S. S. (2023). Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV): An Insight into Disaster: Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV). Futuristic Biotechnology, 02-09.

Health, E. P. o. P. (2013). Scientific opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA journal, 11(4), 3162.

Hema, M., & Konakalla, N. C. (2021). Recent developments in detection and diagnosis of plant viruses. Recent developments in applied microbiology and biochemistry, 163-180.

Hussain, S., Ali, Z., & Khan, H. (2014). A-ONE: High yielding, CLCV tolerant and transgenic Bt. cotton variety for irrigated areas of Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 24, 543-549.

Inbar, M., & Gerling, D. (2008). Plant-mediated interactions between whiteflies, herbivores, and natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 53, 431-448.

Ishfaqe, Q., Shafiq, M., Ali, M. R., & Haider, M. S. (2023). Is the best resistance strategy against begomoviruses yet to come? A Comprehensive Review. Summa Phytopathologica, 48, 151-157.

Jain, H., Chahal, S., Singh, I., Sain, S. K., & Siwach, P. (2023). The rising threat of geminiviruses: molecular insights into the disease mechanism and mitigation strategies. Molecular Biology Reports, 50(4), 3835-3848.

Jan, S., Ahmad, P., Bhardwaj, R., Kumari, R., Singh, R., Sharma, K., & Gautam, V. (2021). SALICYLIC ACID AND ROS CROSSTALK IN PLANTS FOR PATHOGEN RESISTANCE. SALICYLIC ACID CONTRIBUTION, 39.

Jiang, S., Li, H., He, L., & Wu, K. (2022). Population fitness of Eupeodes corollae Fabricius (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on different species of aphids. Insects, 13(6), 494.

Karlsson Green, K., Stenberg, J. A., & Lankinen, Å. (2020). Making sense of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the light of evolution. Evolutionary Applications, 13(8), 1791-1805.

Kaur, G., Yadav, I. S., Bhatia, D., Vikal, Y., Neelam, K., Dhillon, N. K., . . . Nerkar, G. (2023). frontiers Research Topics June 2023. Current advances in genomics and gene editing tools for crop improvement in a changing climate scenario, 4.

Khalil, A. M. (2020). The genome editing revolution. Journal of genetic engineering and biotechnology, 18(1), 1-16.

Khan, M. F., Umar, U. U. D., Alrefaei, A. F., & Rao, M. J. (2023). Elicitor-Driven Defense Mechanisms: Shielding Cotton Plants against the Onslaught of Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Virus (CLCuMuV) Disease. Metabolites, 13(11), 1148.

Khan, R., Ghayas, M., Khalid, M., & Amjad, I. (2023). Transgenic strategies for enhancing cotton disease resistance: current status and future directions. Agrobiological Records 13: 82-91. In.

Khan, Z., Khan, S. H., Ahmed, A., Iqbal, M. U., Mubarik, M. S., Ghouri, M. Z., . . . Khan, A. A. (2023). Genome editing in cotton: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Cotton Research, 6(1), 1-21.

Krishnamurthy, K., Krishnaraju, P., & Ningaraju, T. (2023). Comparison of Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) Strategies for Developing Transgenic Plants Resistant to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(8), 2292-2304.

Kumar, A., & Kumar, N. (2022). Chapter-7 Status of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci as Insect Vector and Their Management: An Overview. LATEST TRENDS IN ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY SCIENCES, 131.

Kumar, N., Upadhyay, G., Chhetri, K. B., Harsha, B., Malik, G. K., Kumar, R., . . . Chhokar, R. (2023). Pre-and post-harvest management of wheat for improving the productivity, quality, and resource utilization efficiency. In Wheat science (pp. 57-106): CRC Press.

Kumar, P. (2023). Role of Small RNAs in Plant Immunity. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 3253-3262.

Kurdekar, M. A. K., Ahirwar, M. S. K., Kumar, M. R. H., MR, M. M., & Sreekumar, M. G. (2020). Modern Agriculture: Exploring Current Trends.

Lacomme, C., Pogue, G. P., Wilson, T. M. A., & Santa Cruz, S. (2023). Plant viruses. In Genetically Engineered Viruses (pp. 59-105): Garland Science.

Li, H., Xie, Y., Chen, F., Bai, H., Xiu, L., Zhou, X., . . . Yin, K. (2023). Amplification-free CRISPR/Cas detection technology: challenges, strategies, and perspectives. Chemical Society Reviews, 52(1), 361-382.

Manghwar, H., Li, B., Ding, X., Hussain, A., Lindsey, K., Zhang, X., & Jin, S. (2020). CRISPR/Cas systems in genome editing: methodologies and tools for sgRNA design, off‐target evaluation, and strategies to mitigate off‐target effects. Advanced science, 7(6), 1902312.

Manimurugan, C., Zanwar, A., & Sujatha, M. (2023). Genetic Enhancement of Nutraceuticals in Linseed: Breeding and Molecular Strategies. In Compendium of Crop Genome Designing for Nutraceuticals (pp. 1-25): Springer.

Mishra, G., Omkar, Kumar, B., & Pandey, G. (2012). Stage and age-specific predation in four aphidophagous ladybird beetles. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 22(4), 463-476.

Mohamed, S. (2023). Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review of Current Practices and Future Directions. Asian Journal of Advances in Research, 6(1), 475-483.

Mollá, O., Biondi, A., Alonso-Valiente, M., & Urbaneja, A. (2014). A comparative life history study of two mirid bugs preying on Tuta absoluta and Ephestia kuehniella eggs on tomato crops: implications for biological control. BioControl, 59, 175-183.

Morales, F. J. (2006). Tropical whitefly IPM project. Advances in virus research, 69, 249-311.

Nalla, M. K., Schafleitner, R., Pappu, H. R., & Barchenger, D. W. (2023). Current status, breeding strategies and future prospects for managing chilli leaf curl virus disease and associated begomoviruses in Chilli (Capsicum spp.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 14.

Naveed, H., Islam, W., Jafir, M., Andoh, V., Chen, L., & Chen, K. (2023). A review of interactions between plants and Whitefly-Transmitted Begomoviruses. Plants, 12(21), 3677.

Naveen, K., & Bhat, A. (2020). Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assays for the detection of two novel viruses infecting ginger. Journal of virological methods, 282, 113884.

Nawaz, M., Sun, J., Shabbir, S., Khattak, W. A., Ren, G., Nie, X., . . . Sonne, C. (2023). A review of plants strategies to resist biotic and abiotic environmental stressors. Science of The Total Environment, 165832.

Niu, D., Hamby, R., Sanchez, J. N., Cai, Q., Yan, Q., & Jin, H. (2021). RNAs—A new frontier in crop protection. Current opinion in biotechnology, 70, 204-212.

Nogueira, A. M., Nascimento, M. B., Barbosa, T. M., Quadros, A. F., Gomes, J. P. A., Orílio, A. F., . . . Zerbini, F. M. (2021). The association between New World alphasatellites and bipartite begomoviruses: effects on infection and vector transmission. Pathogens, 10(10), 1244.

Pandey, V., Srivastava, A., & Gaur, R. (2021). Begomovirus: A curse for the agricultural crops. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54(15-16), 949-978.

Pandey, V., Srivastava, A., Shahmohammadi, N., Nehra, C., Gaur, R., & Golnaraghi, A. (2023). Begomovirus: Exploiting the Host Machinery for Their Survival. J. Mod. Agric. Biotechnol, 2(10).

Pathak, D., & Rathore, P. (2023). Breeding for cotton leaf curl disease resistance in Upland cotton. Cotton: Some Insights, 135.

Perring, T. M., Stansly, P. A., Liu, T., Smith, H. A., & Andreason, S. A. (2018). Whiteflies: Biology, ecology, and management. In Sustainable management of arthropod pests of tomato (pp. 73-110): Elsevier.

Reddy, S. R. J., Daswanth, N. M. V. S., Pusuluri, S. K., Komalchowdary, D., Rambabu, P. S., & Gopi, A. (2023). Predicting the Cotton Leaf Disease using Convolution Neural Networks. Paper presented at the 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Data Communication Systems (ICSCDS).

Rosen, R., Kanakala, S., Kliot, A., Pakkianathan, B. C., Farich, B. A., Santana-Magal, N., . . . Cilia, M. (2015). Persistent, circulative transmission of begomoviruses by whitefly vectors. Current opinion in virology, 15, 1-8.

Sabev, P., Valkova, N., & Todorovska, E. G. (2020). Molecular markers and their application in cotton breeding: progress and future perspectives. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 26(4).

Sain, S. K., Brown, J. K., & Monga, D. (2023). Global status of cotton leaf curl disease–An ongoing threat to cotton production. Cotton: Some Insights, 92.

Sarwar, M. (2020). Insects as transport devices of plant viruses. In Applied Plant Virology (pp. 381-402): Elsevier.

Sattar, M. N., Javed, M., Hussain, S. B., Babar, M., Chee, P. W., Iqbal, Z., . . . Al‐Hashedi, S. A. (2023). Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling cotton leaf curl disease resistance in upland cotton. Plant Breeding, 142(2), 247-257.

Seal, S., VandenBosch, F., & Jeger, M. (2006). Factors influencing begomovirus evolution and their increasing global significance: implications for sustainable control. Critical reviews in plant sciences, 25(1), 23-46.

Sengonca, C., Al-Zyoud, F., & Blaeser, P. (2005). Prey consumption by larval and adult stages of the entomophagous ladybird Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae) of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)(Hom., Aleyrodidae), at two different temperatures. Journal of Pest Science, 78, 179-186.

Shafiq, M., Qurashi, F., Mushtaq, S., Hussain, M., Hameed, A., & Haider, M. S. (2020). DNA plant viruses: biochemistry, replication, and molecular genetics. In Applied Plant Virology (pp. 169-182): Elsevier.

Shahbaz, M. U., ul Haq, M. E., Kamran, M., Abbas, W., Batool, A., Abbas, H., . . . Iqbal, M. A. (2023). Prediction of cotton leaf curl virus disease at different potassium dosses based on abiotic environmental factors and sowing dates. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 1-16.

Sharma, S. K., Meena, R. P., Pramesh, D., Kumar, S., Singh, T. S., & Baranwal, V. K. (2017). Nucleic-acid based techniques for the fine diagnosis of plant viruses in India. A century of plant virology in India, 621-686.

Singh, D. P. (2023). Integrated Pest Management in Diverse Cropping Systems: CRC Press.

Singh, I., Kaur, R., Kumar, A., Singh, S., & Sharma, A. (2021). Differential expression of gut protein genes and population density of Arsenophonus contributes to sex-biased transmission of Bemisia tabaci vectored Cotton leaf curl virus. Plos one, 16(11), e0259374.

Siva, M., Shanmugapriya, D., & Santhoshinii, E. (2023). Management of bacterial diseases by crispr cas9 system. Archives of agriculture and allied sciences.

Siviya, L. E. (2022). A study of C2 and V2 pathogenicity genes of Tomato curly stunt virus variants in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana. Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,

Sodha, D., Verma, S. K., Chhokar, V., & Paul, D. (2022). Cotton lead curl viral disease in American cotton (G. Hirsutum): genetic basis of resistance and role of genetic engineering tools in combating CLCUD. Scientist, 1(3), 5122-5137.

Tarazi, R., & Vaslin, M. F. (2022). The viral threat in cotton: How new and emerging technologies accelerate virus identification and virus resistance breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 851939.

Thesnim, P., Jangra, S., Kumar, M., & Ghosh, A. (2023). Effect of silencing Bemisia tabaci TLR3 and TOB1 on fitness and begomovirus transmission. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1136262.

Vaddula, Y., & Singh, K. (2023). Progression of drip irrigation and fertigation in cotton across the globe and its future perspectives for sustainable agriculture: an overview. Applied Water Science, 13(9), 177.

Vats, S., Kumawat, S., Kumar, V., Patil, G. B., Joshi, T., Sonah, H., . . . Deshmukh, R. (2019). Genome editing in plants: exploration of technological advancements and challenges. Cells, 8(11), 1386.

Velioglu, S. K. (2020). Genome-Wide Spaced Simplex SNP Assays for Marker-Based Interspecific Germplasm Introgression and Genetic Manipulation in Cotton.

Waghmare, V. N. (2022). Cotton Breeding. In Fundamentals of Field Crop Breeding (pp. 609-676): Springer.

Wahba, L., Hansen, L., & Fire, A. Z. (2021). An essential role for the piRNA pathway in regulating the ribosomal RNA pool in C. elegans. Developmental cell, 56(16), 2295-2312. e2296.

Wang, Y., Zafar, N., Ali, Q., Manghwar, H., Wang, G., Yu, L., . . . Wang, G. (2022). CRISPR/Cas genome editing technologies for plant improvement against biotic and abiotic stresses: advances, limitations, and future perspectives. Cells, 11(23), 3928.

Wei, J., Zhao, J.-J., Zhang, T., Li, F.-F., Ghanim, M., Zhou, X.-P., . . . Wang, X.-W. (2014). Specific cells in the primary salivary glands of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci control retention and transmission of begomoviruses. Journal of Virology, 88(22), 13460-13468.

Wimberger, S. (2023). Improving integration efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.

Yaqoob, S., Fatima, N., Khan, S., Ali, Q., Hafeez, M., & Malik, A. (2020). Begomoviruses and betasatellites associated with CLCuD. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 2020(1).